Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Energy Technologies

Many modern energy systems are reliant on the production, transportation, storage, and use of gaseous hydrogen. The safety, durability, performance and economic operation of these systems is challenged by operating-cycle dependent degradation by hydrogen of otherwise high performance materials. This important two-volume work provides a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the latest research into managing hydrogen embrittlement in energy technologies.

Volume 1 is divided into three parts, the first of which provides an overview of the hydrogen embrittlement problem in specific technologies including petrochemical refining, automotive hydrogen tanks, nuclear waste disposal and power systems, and H2 storage and distribution facilities. Part two then examines modern methods of characterization and analysis of hydrogen damage and part three focuses on the hydrogen degradation of various alloy classes

With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Volume 1 of Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies is an invaluable reference tool for engineers, designers, materials scientists, and solid mechanicians working with safety-critical components fabricated from high performance materials required to operate in severe environments based on hydrogen. Impacted technologies include aerospace, petrochemical refining, gas transmission, power generation and transportation.

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Introduction

Part I: The hydrogen embrittlement problem

Chapter 1: Hydrogen production and containment

Abstract:

1.1 Introduction

1.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary vessels in hydrogen service

1.3 Department of Transportation (DOT) steel transport vessels

1.4 Fracture mechanics method for steel hydrogen vessel design

1.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary composite vessels

1.6 Composite transport vessels

1.7 Hydrogen pipelines

1.8 Gaseous hydrogen leakage

1.9 Joint design and selection

1.10 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code leak and pressure testing

Chapter 2: Hydrogen-induced disbonding and embrittlement of steels used in petrochemical refining

Abstract:

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Petrochemical refining

2.3 Problems during/after cooling of reactors

2.4 Effect of hydrogen content on mechanical properties

2.5 Conclusion

Chapter 3: Assessing hydrogen embrittlement in automotive hydrogen tanks

Abstract:

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Experimental details

3.3 Results and discussion

3.4 Conclusions and future trends

Chapter 4: Gaseous hydrogen issues in nuclear waste disposal

Abstract:

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Nature of nuclear wastes and their disposal environments

4.3 Gaseous hydrogen issues in the disposal of high activity wastes

Chapter 5: Hydrogen embrittlement in nuclear power systems

Abstract:

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Experimental methods

5.3 Environmental factors

5.4 Metallurgical effects

5.5 Conclusions

5.6 Acknowledgements

Chapter 6: Standards and codes to control hydrogen-induced cracking in pressure vessels and pipes for hydrogen gas storage and transport

Abstract:

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basic code selected for pressure vessels

6.3 Code for piping and pipelines

6.4 Additional code requirements for high pressure hydrogen applications

6.5 Methods for calculating the design cyclic (fatigue) life

6.6 Example of crack growth in a high pressure hydrogen environment

6.7 Summary and conclusions

Part II: Characterisation and analysis of hydrogen embrittlement

Chapter 7: Fracture and fatigue test methods in hydrogen gas

Abstract:

7.1 Introduction

7.2 General considerations for conducting tests in external hydrogen

7.3 Test methods

7.4 Conclusions

7.5 Acknowledgements

Chapter 8: Mechanics of modern test methods and quantitative-accelerated testing for hydrogen embrittlement

Abstract:

8.1 Introduction

8.2 General aspects of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) testing

8.3 Smooth specimens

8.4 Pre-cracked specimens - the fracture mechanics (FM) approach to stress corrosion cracking (SCC)

8.5 Limitations of the linear elastic fracture mechanics (FM) approach

8.6 Future trends

8.7 Conclusions

Chapter 9: Metallographic and fractographic techniques for characterising and understanding hydrogen-assisted cracking of metals

Abstract:

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Characterisation of microstructures and hydrogen distributions

9.3 Crack paths with respect to microstructure

9.4 Characterising fracture-surface appearance (and interpretation of features)

9.5 Determining fracture-surface crystallography

9.6 Characterising slip-distributions and strains around cracks

9.7 Determining the effects of solute hydrogen on dislocation activity

9.8 Determining the effects of adsorbed hydrogen on surfaces

9.9 In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of fracture in thin foils and other TEM studies

9.10 'Critical' experiments for determining mech