Perinatal Events and Brain Damage in Surviving Children

Decision making in modem obstetrics and perinatology is con trolled by a variety of different factors, but there is little doubt that in industrialized countries one of the most powerful single factors is the concern and fear of causing permanent brain damage in the unborn and newborn. The dramatic increase in the rates of abdom inal deliveries in many parts of the world is certainly rooted to a substantial part in the ~bstetrician's concern not so much about possible perinatal death, but more so about permanent brain dam age in surviving children. This trend has been accelerated by the increasing number of litigations in connection with brain damage observed in many societies. This problem itself has many aspects, but it seems evident that litigation - justified or unjustified - is one modem expression of the human and social tragedy inflicted on individuals and families by the birth of a brain-damaged child. The medical, social, and human importance of the problem is in sharp contrast to the relative lack of scientific knowledge avail able. This became very clear when the National Institutes of Health published the excellent review in 1985 on "Prenatal and Perinatal Factors Associated with Brain Disorders" and its editor, J. M.

Klappentext

This book aims to give an objective and up-to-date evaluation of the known relationships between perinatal events occuring during pregnancy, labor and the neonatal period on the one hand, and the occurrence of brain damage in surviving children on the other. The various aspects of the subject are covered in sections on pathophysiology, epidemiology, effect of chronic intrauterine deprivation and chronic hypoxia, effect of intrapartum acute hypoxia and trauma, prematurity and the problems of neonatal intensive care. This review offers the most comprehensive and current assessment available of the connections between perinatal events and later brain damage with special consideration given to the information derived during the perinatal period by modern diagnostic procedures. The book will help clarify uncertainties regarding the etiology of brain damage, especially cerebral palsy, and will be of great value to the practicing obstetrician and neonatologist in his daily decision-making.

Inhalt
Epidemiology.- Definitions, Risks and Indices.- The Quantification of Risk Factors in Major Neurodevelopmental Disorders.- Epidemiologic Panorama of Brain Impairments and Causative Factors Swedish Experiences.- Low Birthweight and Neurological Sequelae A Summary of Some Swedish Studies.- Biology and Pathogenetic Mechanisms.- Genetic Factors Leading to Birth Defects and Diseases of the Newborn.- Developmental Neurology of the Fetus and Newborn.- Pathophysiological Mechanisms Leading to Permanent Brain Damage in Surviving Children.- Trauma and the Developing Brain.- How and When Does Antenatal Hypoxia Damage Fetal Brains?.- Intrauterine Deprivation Growth Retardation and Chronic Hypoxia.- Antepartum Events and Cerebral Handicap.- Available Evidence Relating Intrauterine Growth Retardation to Neuromotor Dysfunction and Mental Handicap.- Growth Retardation: Individual Risk Assessment During Pregnancy.- Management of Growth Retardation with a View to Preventing Neuromotor Dysfunction and Mental Handicaps ..- Abnormal Antepartum Cardiotocogram and Neuromotor Dysfunction in Term and Preterm Babies.- Antepartum Fetal Heart Rate and Movement Pattern in Relation to Oxygenation and Neonatal Neurological Morbidity.- Intrapartum Asphyxia and Birth Trauma.- Intrapartum Events and Cerebral Palsy.- The Relationship Between Obstetrically Preventable Intrapartum Asphyxia, Abnormal Neonatal Neurological Signs and Subsequent Motor Impairment in Babies Born at or After Term.- Available Evidence Relating Abnormal Intrapartum Fetal Acid Base Balance (pH) to Neuromotor Dysfunction and Mental Handicap.- Intrapartum Cardiotocogram, Apgar Score and Acidaemia at Birth: Relationship to Neonatal Neurological Morbidity.- Neurological Morbidity of Term Infants as an Indicator of SafeObstetrical Practice.- Breech Delivery in the Term Fetus Relation to Neuromotor Dysfunction and Mental Handicap.- Intracranial Hemorrhage and Ischemia.- Pathological Anatomy of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Preterai Baby.- Hypoxia, Loss of Autoregulation and Intracranial Hemorrhage.- Obstetrical Factors and Intracranial Hemorrhage.- Prevention of Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Role of Atraumatic Birth and Sedation.- Prediction of Outcome: Periventricular Hemorrhage Versus Ischemia.- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Brain and Early Neurodevelopmental Outcome.- Prognosis of the Very Low Birthweight and Very Preterm Infant.- Outcome of Very Low Birthweight or Very Preterm Infants with Special Consideration of Perinatal Events.- Role of Transport for the Prognosis of the Very Low Birthweight Preterm Infant.- Improved Outcome of Very Low Birthweight Infants 19771986. Critical Analysis of Results and Possible Mechanisms.- Decreasing Incidence of Neurological Morbidity and Changes of Perinatal Care Strategies in Very Low Birthweight Infants.- Prevention of Preterm Labor A Means of Preventing Handicaps?.- Recent Follow-up Studies.- Causes of Handicap and Impairment in a Total Population of Dundee (Scotland) Children Aged 8 Weeks to 7 Years.- The Uruguayan Follow-up Study of Perinatal Events and Mental Handicaps.- First Results of the Multicenter Finnish-Bavarian Study.- Neurological Sequelae of Infants with Very Low Birthweight in Hamburg First Results of a Regional Study.- Perinatal Mortality Statistics of the Avon County (UK) Population, 19761985, Using Figo 1982 Methodology.