Advanced Load Dispatch for Power Systems

The series Advances in Industrial Control aims to report and encourage technology transfer in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology impacts all areas of the control discipline. New theory, new controllers, actuators, sensors, new industrial processes, computer methods, new applications, new philosophies ... , new challenges. Much of this development work resides in industrial reports, feasibility study papers and the reports of advanced collaborative projects. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended exposition of such new work in all aspects of industrial control for wider and rapid dissemination. In Europe, and soon in the United States, power system deregulation is becoming widespread. This involves the privatisation of former public power utilities and the creation of power markets. The United Kingdom has recently undergone this transformation and the countries of the European Union are being encouraged to follow this deregulation policy. This volume Advanced Load Dispatch for Power Systems and its companion volume Control of Modem Integrated Power Systems both by Professor E. Mariani and Professor S.S. Murthy are therefore very timely additions to the power system literature and to the Advances in Industrial Control series.

Klappentext

The balancing of power generation with load in power systems is a vital and delicate task. Power system demands vary according to the time of day and time of year, and the load generation balance has always to be done with due regard to economy as well as to the security and safety of the system. This text comprehensively covers the various aspects of load dispatching, including telecommunication and other facilities, operating reserves, load management, inter-system exchanges, security and reliability, and load forecasting practices. The principl es described are illustrated by examples from North America, Europe, and India, thus giving coverage to systems in both developed and developing countries.

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Development of Interconnected Power Systems.- 1.2 Benefits of Operation of Interconnected Power Systems.- 1.3 Developing and Developed Systems.- 1.4 Human Factors in the Operation of Interconnected Power Systems.- 2. Objectives, Functions and Location of Load Dispatch Centres.- 2.1 Objectives.- 2.2 Operational Planning.- 2.3 Functions.- 2.4 Hierarchical Set-Up of Load Dispatch Centres.- 2.5 Location of Load Dispatch Centres.- 3. Facilities at Load Dispatch Centres.- 3.1 Equipment and General Arrangement.- 3.2 Building.- 3.3 Control Room.- 3.4 Computer System.- 3.5 Teleprinter Facilities.- 3.6 Weather Information System.- 3.7 Operational Data Logging.- 3.8 Auxiliary Power Supply.- 3.9 Training of System Operators.- 4. Telecommunications in Power System Operation.- 4.1 General.- 4.2 Communication Systems.- 4.3 Practices in Some Countries.- 4.4 Role of Communications in Load Dispatch Centres.- 4.5 Telemetering Systems.- 5. Determination of Operating Reserve.- 5.1 General.- 5.2 Availability of Generating Units.- 5.3 Load Uncertainty Distribution.- 5.4 Determination of Necessary Reserve.- 5.5 Classification and Assessment of Reserve.- 5.6 Assignment of Reserve to Various Units and Resources.- 5.7 UCPTE Philosophy.- 6. Load-Generation Balance.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Short-Term Scheduling.- 6.3 Medium-Long Term Operation Planning Ill.- 7. Load Management and Methods of Meeting Peak Demand.- 7.1 General.- 7.2 Flattening of Load Curve.- 7.3 Characteristics of Loads.- 7.4 Measures For Load Management.- 7.5 State-Of -The-Art in the USA.- 7.6 Swedish Project to Optimise Energy Consumption Pattern.- 7.7 Methods of Meeting Peak Demand.- 7.8 Pumped Storage Plant.- 8. Security and Reliability of Energy Control Systems.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Organisation.- 8.3 Administration.- 8.4 Equipment.- 8.5 Conclusions.- 9. Inter-System Exchanges, Tariffs and Billing.- 9.1 General Principles of Power Exchanges.- 9.2 Power Exchanges in the UCPTE Countries.- 9.3 Power Pooling and Interchanges in the Usa.- 9.4 Banking Transactions and Barter Deal.- 9.5 New Organisational Structures.- Appendix 1: Present Practices in Load Forecasting.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Time Spans.- 3. General Characteristics.- 4. Objectives of Load Forecasting.- 5. Parameters Influencing Load Forecasts.- 5.1 Main Parameters.- 5.2 Meteorological Factors.- 5.3 Special Events.- 6. Methods.- 6.1 Load Forecasting in Practice.- 7. Data and Hardware.- 7.1 Characteristics of the data.- 7.2 Maintenance and Collection of Data.- 7.3 Period considered.- 7.4 Computational Means.- 8. Medium-Long Term.- 9. Short-Term.- 10. Very Short-Term.- 11. Related Issues.- 11.1 Share of load forecast among load buses.- 11.2 MV Ar Demand.- 11.3 Monitoring the Errors.- 12. User's Opinion.- 13. Conclusions and Recommendations.- Appendix 2: (Reference Chapter 6 Load-Generation Balance).- Appendix A.- 1. Partitioning of Time in the Scheduling Problems.- 2. Simplifications.- 3. Categorisation of Generation, Load and Power Exchanges.- 4. Constraints.- 5. Criteria of Optimisation.- 5.1 First case: no hydro storage (or purely thermal).- 5.2 Second case: no thermal generation (or purely hydro).- 5.3 Third case: hydro-thermal power system.- 5.4 Fourth case: no market opportunity.- 5.5 Fifth case: purely hydro, no opportunity exchanges, no secondary load.- 6. Value of Water.- 6.1 Medium term water value.- 6.2 Short-term water value.- 7. Cost Function and Revenue Function.- 7.1 Thermal generation plus opportunity import (cost).- 7.2 Secondary load plus opportunity export (revenue).- 7.3Combining the two functions.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.- Appendix D.- Appendix E.