Alberta Oil Sands: Volume 11

At 170 billion barrels, Canada's Oil Sands are the third largest reserves of developable oil in the world. The Oil Sands now produce about 1.6 million barrels per day, with production expected to double by 2025 to about 3.7 million barrels per day. The Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northeastern Alberta is the largest of the three oil sands deposits. Bitumen in the oil sands is recovered through one of two primary methods - mining and drilling. About 20 per cent of the reserves are close to the surface and can be mined using large shovels and trucks. Of concern are the effects of the industrial development on the environment. Both human-made and natural sources emit oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, trace elements and persistent organic compounds. Of additional concern are ground level ozone and greenhouse gases.

Because of the requirement on operators to comply with the air quality regulatory policies, and to address public concerns, the not-for-profit, multi-stakeholder Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA) has since 1997 been closely monitoring air quality in AOSR. In 2008, WBEA assembled a distinguished group of international scientists who have been conducting measurements and practical research on various aspects of air emissions and their potential effects on terrestrial receptors. This book is a synthesis of the concepts and results of those on-going studies. It contains 19 chapters ranging from a global perspective of energy production, measurement methodologies and behavior of various air pollutants during fossil fuel production in a boreal forest ecosystem, towards designing and deploying a multi-disciplinary, proactive, and long-term environmental monitoring system that will also meet regulatory expectations.

Klappentext

There is intense international scientific and media focus on the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northern Alberta, Canada. The AOSR contains, after Saudi Arabia, the second largest known reserves of oil in the world. The pace of industrial development in the region is accelerating rapidly. Today, some 1.4 million barrels per day of oil are produced; by 2025, this is expected to rise to 4 million barrels per day. In the Oil Sands, a heavy petroleum product called bitumen is mixed with sand, clay and water. Oil is derived from bitumen after upgrading. The scale of the industrial processes is extremely large. The Wood Buffalo Environmental Association science-based air quality measurement and environmental monitoring programs have completed measurements along the industrial source to ecological sink pathways. Industry approvals to operate and air quality regulation are dependent upon the best available scientific knowledge, commonly presented in public forums such as EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments). The chapters comprising this book bring improved and often new scientific information into the public domain. Many of the chapters will impact how airshed (air quality on a regional scale) management and planning are carried out. In addition, many new techniques for calculating emission factors and tracing the fate of emissions are discussed in the context of regulatory issues.

Zusammenfassung
The Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in northeastern Alberta is the largest of the three oil sands deposits. This book contains 19 chapters ranging from a global perspective of energy production, measurement methodologies and behavior of various air pollutants during fossil fuel production in a boreal forest ecosystem.

Inhalt

1. Energy Production: A Global Perspective
   
   2. Energy Developments in the Alberta Oil Sands
   3. Energy and Environment: Toward Achieving the Balance in Alberta
   4. Air Quality in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
   5. Development and Application of Statistical Approaches for Reducing Uncertainty in Ambient Air Quality Data,
   6. Co-Measurement of Volatile Organic and Sulphur Compounds in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region by Dual Detector Pneumatic Focusing Gas Chromatography (PFGC)
   7. Overview of Real-World Emission Characterization Methods
   8. Measurement of Real-World Stack Emissions with a Dilution Sampling System
   9. Applying the Forest Health Approach to Monitoring a Boreal Ecosystem in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
   10. Ecological Analogues for Bio-monitoring Industrial Sulfur Emissions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
   11. Tracing Industrial Nitrogen and Sulfur Emissions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region using Stable Isotopes
   12. Air Quality Modeling in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
   13. WBEA Receptor Modeling Study in the Athabasca Oil Sands: An Introduction
   14. Method for Extraction and Multi-element Analysis of the Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
   15. Coupling Lead Isotopes and Element Concentrations in Epiphytic Lichens to Track Sources of Air Emissions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
   16. Mercury Concentration and Isotopic Composition of Epiphytic Tree Lichens in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region
   17. Measurement of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Epiphytic Lichens for Receptor Modeling in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR): A Pilot Study
   18. Receptor Modeling of Epiphytic Lichens to Elucidate the Sources and Spatial Distribution of Inorganic Air Pollution in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region,
   19. Concluding Remarks