Cleaning with Solvents: Science and Technology

Klappentext High-precision cleaning is required across a wide range of sectors, including aerospace, defense, medical device manufacturing, pharmaceutical processing, semiconductor / electronics, etc. Cleaning parts and surfaces with solvents is simple, effective and low-cost. Although health and safety and environmental concerns come into play with the use of solvents, this book explores how safe and compliant solvent-based cleaning techniques can be implemented. A key to this is the selection of the right solvent. The author also examines a range of newer "green" solvent cleaning options. This book supplies scientific fundamentals and practical guidance supported by real-world examples. Durkee explains the three principal methods of solvent selection: matching of solubility parameters, reduction of potential for smog formation, and matching of physical properties. He also provides guidance on the safe use of aerosols, wipe-cleaning techniques, solvent stabilization, economics, and many other topics. A compendium of blend rules is included, covering the physical, chemical, and environmental properties of solvents. Zusammenfassung Supplies scientific fundamentals and practical guidance supported by real-world examples. This title explains the three principal methods of solvent selection: matching of solubility parameters! reduction of potential for smog formation! and matching of physical properties. Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface Acknowledgments Disclaimer What You Can Do with This Book A Note on Organization Units Used in This Book External References Cited in This Book Chapter 1. Relationship of Solvent Properties to Structure Abstract 1.1 Background 1.2 The Elements of Cleaning Solvents 1.3 The Incredible Shrinking Periodic Table 1.4 A Solvent can be Elements Arranged in a Structure 1.5 A Solvent can also be a Structure Populated with Additional Elements 1.6 The Future of Solvent Design 1.7 Specific Relationships of Composition and Structure to Solvent Properties 1.8 Solvent Design is Multidimensional 1.9 Solvent Design Goals 1.10 Design of Non-Traditional Solvents 1.11 Solvent Selection Chapter 2. Solubility Scales (Parameters) Abstract 2.1 Absolute and Relative Information 2.2 Molecular Soup 2.3 May the Force(s) be With You 2.4 Solubility Parameters 2.5 Kauri Butanol (Kb) Value 2.6 Other Measures of Solvency 2.7 Hildebrand Solubility Parameter 2.8 Hansen Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameters 2.9 Numerical Values of Hansen Solubility Parameters 2.10 The Basic Approach - Comparison to Other Materials Chapter 3. Solvent Selection for Specific Tasks Abstract 3.1 Background 3.2 The Nature of Soils 3.3 The Basic Approach to Solvent Selection 3.4 This Author's Approach 3.5 Autopsy of Some Soils 3.6 Food-Derived Residue 3.7 Lubricants 3.8 Greases 3.9 Coolants or Hydraulic Fluids 3.10 Polymer-Derived Residues 3.11 Biological Residue(s) 3.12 General Observations about Soils 3.13 Use of Hansen Solubility Parameters in Solvent Selection 3.14 Analysis for Specific Soil Components 3.15 General Results from the Use of HSP 3.16 Approach using Mixtures of Identified Soil Components 3.17 Solvent Selection to Clean Collections of Soils 3.18 Food-Derived Residue as a Soil Collection 3.19 Soil Composition Really Doesn't Matter 3.20 Lubricants as a Soil Collection 3.21 Grease as a Soil Collection 3.22 Coolants or Hydraulic Fluids as a Soil Collection 3.23 Polymer-Derived Residues as a Soil Collection 3.24 Medical Residues as a Soil Collection 3.25 A Summary of Lessons Concerning Cleaning Soil CompositesPreface

Acknowledgments

Disclaimer

What You Can Do with This Book

A Note on Organization

Units Used in This Book

External References Cited in This Book

Chapter 1. Relationship of Solvent Properties to Structure

Abstract

1.1 Background

1.2 The Elements of Cleaning Solvents

1.3 The Incredible Shrinking Periodic Table

1.4 A Solvent can be Elements Arranged in a Structure

1.5 A Solvent can also be a Structure Populated with Additional Elements

1.6 The Future of Solvent Design

1.7 Specific Relationships of Composition and Structure to Solvent Properties

1.8 Solvent Design is Multidimensional

1.9 Solvent Design Goals

1.10 Design of Non-Traditional Solvents

1.11 Solvent Selection

Chapter 2. Solubility Scales (Parameters)

Abstract

2.1 Absolute and Relative Information

2.2 Molecular Soup

2.3 May the Force(s) be With You

2.4 Solubility Parameters

2.5 Kauri Butanol (Kb) Value

2.6 Other Measures of Solvency

2.7 Hildebrand Solubility Parameter

2.8 Hansen Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameters

2.9 Numerical Values of Hansen Solubility Parameters

2.10 The Basic Approach - Comparison to Other Materials

Chapter 3. Solvent Selection for Specific Tasks

Abstract

3.1 Background

3.2 The Nature of Soils

3.3 The Basic Approach to Solvent Selection

3.4 This Author's Approach

3.5 Autopsy of Some Soils

3.6 Food-Derived Residue

3.7 Lubricants

3.8 Greases

3.9 Coolants or Hydraulic Fluids

3.10 Polymer-Derived Residues

3.11 Biological Residue(s)

3.12 General Observations about Soils

3.13 Use of Hansen Solubility Parameters in Solvent Selection

3.14 Analysis for Specific Soil Components

3.15 General Results from the Use of HSP

3.16 Approach using Mixtures of Identified Soil Components

3.17 Solvent Selection to Clean Collections of Soils

3.18 Food-Derived Residue as a Soil Collection

3.19 Soil Composition Really Doesn't Matter

3.20 Lubricants as a Soil Collection

3.21 Grease as a Soil Collection

3.22 Coolants or Hydraulic Fluids as a Soil Collection

3.23 Polymer-Derived Residues as a Soil Collection

3.24 Medical Residues as a Soil Collection

3.25 A Summary of Lessons Concerning Cleaning Soil Composites

3.26 Identification of the HSP Values of Industrial Soil Composites

3.27 Working without Numbers-Use of the HSP without Soil Identification

3.28 Limitations of HSP Separation (RA) for Good Solvent Cleaning Performance

3.29 About Cleaning of All Soils

3.30 The Effect of Normal Boiling Temperature

3.31 Vapor Degreasing vs. Cold Cleaning

3.32 HSP for Vapor Degreasing vs. Cold Cleaning

Chapter 4. SHE Management (Solvent Substitution)

Abstract

4.1 Background

4.2 Why Substitute Solvents?

4.3 REACH for the Stars

4.4 Becoming Globally Harmonized

4.5 Game Playing

4.6 The Key Element in Successful Solvent Substitution

4.7 What's Important in Solvent Substitution?

4.8 Examples of Practical Solvent Substitution

4.9 Substitute Solvents for Trichloroethylene

4.10 Enclosed Cleaning Machines

4.11 Solvent Substitution and Use in Non-US Countries

4.12 Summary: Solvent Substitution

4.13 The Right to Know

4.14 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS)

4.15 The Superfund

4.16 Exposure Limits

4.17 Future Impact of SHE Regulation

Chapter 5. Toxicology of Cleaning Solvents

Abstract

5.1 Background

5.2 Sources of Information

5.3 A Prime Substitute for an MSDS

5.4 Specific Hazard Information

5.5 Analysis of Hazard Ratings

5.6 Odor as a Protective Way to Avoid Toxicological Hazards

Chapter 6. The VOC Exemption Game

Abstract

6.1 Background

6.2 The Object of the Game

6.3 US VOC Definition

6.4 History of VOC Regulation in the US

6.5 Estimation(s) of Atmospheric Reactivity

6.6 The Meaning of Atmospheric Reactivity

6.7 Numerical Values of MIR for Cleaning Solvents

6.8 MIR Values within Solvent Types

6.9 Comparison of Ozone Generation by Solvent Type

6.10 Selection of Low VOC Solvents by Structure and Type

6.11 Game Winners! VOC Exempt Solvents

6.12 The Usable Winners

6.13 Those Who Wish to Play: Applicants for VOC Exemption

6.14 Other Countries-Games with Different Rules

6.15 Volatility and Reactivity Don't Intersect

6.16 An Immodest Proposal

Chapter 7. Economics of Solvent Use

Abstract

7.1 Background

7.2 Transition from Then to Now

7.3 Solvent Price vs. Solvent "Power?

7.4 Prices of Families of Similar Solvents

7…