Environmental Assessment of Products

The aim of this book is to support industry in their effort to design environ mentally friendly products. The book comprises a method and a manual for life cycle assessment of products and it includes examples of how industrial companies have used the method succesfully in the design of more environ mentally friendly products. The method has been developed over a period of four years under the Danish EDIP programme (Environmental Design of Industrial Products) by a team representing the Technical University of Denmark, five Danish industrial companies, the Confederation of Danish Industries and the Dan ish Environmental Protection Agency. The method is coheherent and opera tional and it is well documented by a large variety of examples including five different complex electromechanical products. It guides the user through the inventory and assessment of environmental impacts of products and shows how various products and design solutions during product development can be compared. The method is supported by a base of data for the assessments of environmental impacts and is thus designed as a tool which will make it possible for the user to start on life cycle assessment at once. The book also guides the user through the identification of environmental improvement potentials in the product and the setting of environmental specifications with in the general concept of overall commercial optimization. The partnership between industry, authorities and university has been highly fruitful.

Zusammenfassung
It guides the user through the inventory and assessment of environmental impacts of products and shows how various products and design solutions during product development can be compared.

Inhalt
I. Introduction to Environmental Assessment of Products.- 1 The state of the environment.- 2 Society's environmental focus.- 3 Environmental assessment of products - what does it say?.- 4 Status of life cycle assessment.- 5 Environmental assessment and product development.- II. The Life Cycle Assessment Method.- 6 The structure of the LCA method.- 7 Goal definition.- 8 Scope definition.- 9 Inventory.- 10 Impact assessment.- 11 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.- 12 The MECO principle.- 13 Choices in the EDIP method.- III. Environmental Tasks in Product Development.- 14 Cooperation with the designer.- 15 Environmental assessment of references.- 16 Environmental diagnosis.- 17 Environmental specification.- 18 Environmental assessment of concepts.- 19 Environmental assessment of details.- IV. The Toolbox.- 20 Procedure for goal definition.- 21 Procedure for scope definition.- 22 Procedure for inventory.- 23 Procedure for impact assessment.- 24 Procedure for sensitivity analysis.- V. Case Histories.- 25 Introduction to the case histories.- 26 Gram: Refrigerators.- 27 Bang & Olufsen: Televisions.- 28 KEW Industri: High pressure cleaners.- 29 Grundfos: Pumps.- 30 Danfoss: Electro-hydraulic activation units.- References.- Variables and parameters.- Abbreviations.- Units.