Fundamental Principles of Radar

This book provides a comprehensive set of radar principles and covers a broad spectrum of radar types. The book will help readers to be confident in first-order radar design and fundamental technical issues. Most chapters are self-contained and can be very useful for readers seeking selective topics.

The important and fascinating topics of radar enjoy an extensive audience in industry and government but deserve more attention in undergraduate education to better prepare graduating engineers to meet the demands of modern mankind. Radar is not only one of the major applications of electronics and electromagnetic communications, but it is also a mature scientific discipline with significant theoretical and mathematical foundations that warrant an intellectual and educational challenge.

Fundamental Principles of Radar is a textbook providing a first exposure to radar principles. It provides a broad concept underlying the basic principle of operations of most existing radar systems and maintains a good balance of mathematical rigor to convince readers without losing interest. The book provides an extensive exposition of the techniques currently being used for radar system design, analysis, and evaluation. It presents a comprehensive set of radar principles, including all features of modern radar applications, with their underlying derivations using simple mathematics. Coverage is limited to the main concepts of radar in order to present them in a systematic and organized fashion. Topics are treated not as abstruse and esoteric to the point of incomprehensibility, but the very complex and rich technology of radar is distilled into its fundamentals. The author's emphasis is on clarity without sacrificing rigor and completeness, thus making the book broad enough to satisfy a variety of backgrounds and interests. Thorough documentation provides an unusual degree of completeness for a textbook at this level, with interesting and sometimes thought-provoking content to make the subject even more appealing.

Key Features:

1. Covers a wide range of topics in radar systems
2. Includes examples and exercises to reinforce the concepts presented and explain their applications
3. Provides self-contained chapters useful for readers seeking selective topics
4. Provides broad concepts underlying the basic principles of operations of most types of radars in use today

5. Includes documentation to lead to further reading of interesting concepts and applications

   "Habibur Rahman, the author of Fundamental Principles of Radar, is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at St. Louis University, Missouri, and has an extensive background in education. In addition, Prof. Rahman has been professionally active as a researcher in the general areas of electromagnetics, radar, satellite communications, and engineering education. This book is intended to serve as a text for courses that provide a student's first exposure to radar principles. It covers the broad concepts that underlie basic principles of operation for most existing radar systems and maintains a good level of mathematical rigorsuitable to convince readers without being so dense as to cause them to lose interest. The book provides an extensive exposition of techniques currently used for radar system design, analysis, and evaluation. To this end, it presents a comprehensive set of radar principles, including all features of modern radar applications with their underlying derivation, using the simplest mathematics possible. Chapter 1 presents material covering historical background, elementary electromagnetics, and preliminary descriptions of different radar types, including basic radar block diagrams and operation; primary and secondary radars; monostatic, bistatic, and multiple input/multiple output radars; and more. Chapter 2 provides an overview of radar background information, such as range, range resolution, Doppler frequency, and extraction of target information. It demonstrates a few simple equations to calculate range ambiguity and resolution and explains the calculation of Doppler frequency with detailed examples. This chapter also provides the first set of homework problems for students. Chapter 3 introduces the concept of the radar equation; it first discusses the general form of the equation and then expands and generalizes it. The chapter concludes with a set of radar equations that apply to different radars, such as low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and high PRF radars; radar beacons; bistatic, search, tracking, and pulse compression radar; and radar jamming Each subject in the chapter is followed by an example that further clarifies the equation and shows how to solve real-world problems. The RF Cafe Calculator Workbook, a free program published on the RF Cafe website (http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm), complements this chapter with a program that calculates one- and two-way path loss, propagation time, radar blind speed, radar horizon, line of sight, and more. Chapter 4 explores target scattering, including various statistical models to describe radar cross-section (RCS) fluctuation, and looks at the RCS characteristics of some simple and complex shapes. Noise effects, noise figure, and noise temperature are also discussed. Radar clutter types, including surface, land, sea, and volume clutter (e.g., rain, dust, chaff, birds, and insects), are all discussed. The clutter statistical distributions Rayleigh, log-normal, K, and Weibull are briefly introduced, and equations for each distribution are listed, but no examples are given. Because students in their first radar class probably do not have strong statistics backgrounds in these types of distributions, examples for each distribution would have been very helpful. Chapter 5 explains atmospheric effects on the propagation of radar signals. It describes phenomena such as diffraction due to the Earth's curvature, atmospheric refraction, multipath reflection, anomalous propagation, and ionospheric attenuation. Chapter 6 discusses the fundamentals of continuous-wave (CW) radar and reviews the basis for CW radar detection, especially the Doppler effect. The calculation of the Doppler shift from two aircraft approaching each other at a given angle is an excellent example provided in this chapter. A system diagram of CW radar shows how Doppler frequency is derived. Techniques for predicting CW radar range performance are included, as are several modulation techniques, such as linear, sinusoidal, frequency modulation, phase modulation, and multiple frequency. Chapter 7 covers moving target indication (MTI) and pulse Doppler radars. It reviews the limitations of radar in moving target detection and then presents an overview of various moving target indications and pulse Doppler radar techniques. This chapter also includes single and double delay-line cancelers, MTI recursive and nonrecursive filters, and staggered pulse repetition frequencies. Finally, the chapter introduces pulse Doppler radar as well as range and Doppler ambiguities. Many examples are included, one of the most helpful being the use of blind speed to determine maximum unambiguous range. Chapter 8 presents the general timefrequency ambiguity function, which provides a composite measure of both the resolution and ambiguity capability and imitations of given transmitter waveforms. It also describes the techniques of frequency-modulation pulse compression, frequency stepping, and phase modulation. A detailed discussion of Barker coding for pulse compression is presented, and an example of how to generate Frank coding for pulse compression is clearly explained. Chapter 9 describes the concepts behind synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that allow high-angular and cross-range resolution in long-range airborne search radar to be achieved. The basic mathematical relationships that support the design of SAR and the prediction of performance are develop…