Health and Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials

Informationen zum Autor Prof. James Njuguna is the Academic Strategic Lead (Research) in Composite Materials at Robert Gordon University. He holds both PhD and MSc in Aeronautical Engineering from City, University of University. Dr. Njuguna is a Fellow of The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. He is a former Marie Curie Fellow and Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK) Fellow. He has held various academic positions at Cracow University of Technology (Poland) and Cranfield University (UK). His research interests are focused on polymer (nano)composites their fabrication, characterisation of thermal and mechanical properties, and safe disposal. Professor Krzysztof Pielichowski, head of Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, is an expert in polymer (nano)technology and chemistry, particularly in the areas of polymer nanocomposites with engineering polymers and hybrid organic-inorganic materials containing POSS. Prof. Pielichowski is currently performing a research programme in the area of preparation of engineering polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal and mechanical properties for construction applications. Dr Huijun Zhu is a Senior Toxicologist at Cranfield University, UK. Klappentext The use of nanoparticles and nanofillers in materials such as polymer nanocomposites greatly extends their functionality and range of applications. However, the use of nanotechnology poses potential risks to human health and the environment. This book summarises key recent research in this important area. The first part of the book discusses types of nanomaterial, potential mechanisms of toxicity, exposure assessment and sampling. The second part of the book reviews the safety of particular types of nanomaterial including nanolayered silicates, carbon nanotubes and metal oxide nanomaterials. Inhaltsverzeichnis Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering Preface Part I: General introduction 1. Nanomaterials, nanofillers, and nanocomposites: types and properties Abstract: 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Key terms and definitions 1.3 Common physical and chemical properties 1.4 Types of nanofiller 1.5 Nanocomposites: selected examples 1.6 Conclusion 1.7 Acknowledgement 1.8 References 2. Mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Size- and non-size-related toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials 2.3 Mechanisms of nanomaterial-induced cellular damage mediated by oxidative stress 2.4 Mechanisms of nanomaterial-induced cellular damage independent of oxidative stress 2.5 Nanomaterial shape and toxicity: the fibre paradigm 2.6 The use of lipidomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics to understand nanomaterial toxicity 2.7 Conclusion and future trends 2.8 References Part II: Assessment of nanomaterial release and exposure 3. Nanoparticle exposure assessment: methods, sampling techniques, and data analysis Abstract: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials relevant to exposure assessment 3.3 International standards and guidance relating to nanoparticle exposure assessment 3.4 Instrumentation for exposure assessment 3.5 Sample collection strategies for exposure assessment 3.6 Initial evaluation: identification of potential emission sources 3.7 Main evaluation: key steps 3.8 Data interpretation 3.9 Conclusion and future trends 3.10 Acknowledgement 3.11 References 4. Sampling protocols for testing the safety of polymer nanocomposites Abstract: 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Approaches for release simulation: case studies of drilling 4.3 Simulating the release of particulate materials 4.4...

Autorentext
Prof. James Njuguna is the Academic Strategic Lead (Research) in Composite Materials at Robert Gordon University. He holds both PhD and MSc in Aeronautical Engineering from City, University of University. Dr. Njuguna is a Fellow of The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. He is a former Marie Curie Fellow and Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK) Fellow. He has held various academic positions at Cracow University of Technology (Poland) and Cranfield University (UK). His research interests are focused on polymer (nano)composites their fabrication, characterisation of thermal and mechanical properties, and safe disposal. Professor Krzysztof Pielichowski, head of Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, is an expert in polymer (nano)technology and chemistry, particularly in the areas of polymer nanocomposites with engineering polymers and hybrid organic-inorganic materials containing POSS. Prof. Pielichowski is currently performing a research programme in the area of preparation of engineering polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal and mechanical properties for construction applications.Dr Huijun Zhu is a Senior Toxicologist at Cranfield University, UK.

Klappentext
The use of nanoparticles and nanofillers in materials such as polymer nanocomposites greatly extends their functionality and range of applications. However, the use of nanotechnology poses potential risks to human health and the environment. This book summarises key recent research in this important area. The first part of the book discusses types of nanomaterial, potential mechanisms of toxicity, exposure assessment and sampling. The second part of the book reviews the safety of particular types of nanomaterial including nanolayered silicates, carbon nanotubes and metal oxide nanomaterials.

Inhalt

Contributor contact details

Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering

Preface

Part I: General introduction

1. Nanomaterials, nanofillers, and nanocomposites: types and properties

   Abstract:

   1.1 Introduction

   1.2 Key terms and definitions

   1.3 Common physical and chemical properties

   1.4 Types of nanofiller

   1.5 Nanocomposites: selected examples

   1.6 Conclusion

   1.7 Acknowledgement

   1.8 References

2. Mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity

   Abstract:

   2.1 Introduction

   2.2 Size- and non-size-related toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials

   2.3 Mechanisms of nanomaterial-induced cellular damage mediated by oxidative stress

   2.4 Mechanisms of nanomaterial-induced cellular damage independent of oxidative stress

   2.5 Nanomaterial shape and toxicity: the fibre paradigm

   2.6 The use of lipidomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics to understand nanomaterial toxicity

   2.7 Conclusion and future trends

   2.8 References

   Part II: Assessment of nanomaterial release and exposure

3. Nanoparticle exposure assessment: methods, sampling techniques, and data analysis

   Abstract:

   3.1 Introduction

   3.2 Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials relevant to exposure assessment

   3.3 International standards and guidance relating to nanoparticle exposure assessment

   3.4 Instrumentation for exposure assessment

   3.5 Sample collection strategies for exposure assessment

   3.6 Initial evaluation: identification of potential emission sources

   3.7 Main evaluation: key steps

   3.8 Data interpretation

   3.9 Conclusion and future trends

   3.10 Acknowledgement

   3.11 References

4. Sampling protocols for testing the safety of polymer nanocomposites

   Abstract:

   4.1 Introduction

   4.2 Approaches for release simulation: case studies of drilling

   4.3 Simulating the release of particulate materials

   4.4 Collection of samples

   4.5 Characterization of samples

   4.6 Sample storage and labelling

   4.7 Preventing the contamination of stored samples

   4.8 Sample pre-treatment before testing: use of dispersing agents, sonication, stirring and mixing

   4.9 Protocol validation and standardization

   4.10 Conclusion and future trends

   4.11 Sources of further information and advice

   4.12 References

5. Measurement and sampling techniques for characterization of airborne nanoparticles released from nano-enhanced products

   Abstract:

   5.1 Introduction

   5.2 Identification of release scenarios of …