Mitochondria and the Heart

Mitochondria have been pivotal in the development of some of the most important ideas in modern biology. Since the discovery that the organelle has its own DNA and specific mutations were found in association with neuromuscular and cardiovascular diseases and with aging, an extraordi-nary number of publications have followed, and the term mitochondrial medicine was coined. Furthermore, our understanding of the multiple roles that mitochondria play in cardiac cell homeostasis opened the door for intensive experimentation to understand the pathogenesis and to find new treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Besides its role in adenosine triphosphate generation, mitochondria regu-late a complex network of cellular interactions, involving (1) generation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion, hy-drogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical; (2) maintenance of the antioxidant glutathione in a reduced state and adequate level of mitochondrial matrix superoxide dismutase; (3) cytoplasmic calcium homeostasis, particularly under conditions of cellular calcium loading; (4) transport of metabolites between cytoplasm and matrix; (5) both programmed (apoptosis) and necrotic cell death; and (6) cell growth and development. It is therefore not surprising that this organelle has come to be the center stage in many current investigations of cardiovascular diseases, aging, and agi- related disease. Concomitant with these advances, an impressive effort is under- way for the development of new tools and methodologies to study mitochondrial structure and function, including powerful ways to visualize, monitor, and alter the organelle function to assess the genetic consequences of these perturbations.

In-depth review of Mitochondrial Medicine

Klappentext

The function of the heart is highly dependent on oxidative energy that is generated in mitochondria. Defects in mitochondrial structure and function can be found in association with cardiovascular diseases. Mitochondria and the Heart discusses the role that mitochondria plays in cardiovascular disease, including biogenesis and function of cardiac mitochondria during normal growth, development and aging. In addition, nonbioenergetic, biogenesis and degradation pathways are explored. Understanding these pathways and the effects that mitochondrial defects have in cardiac pathology is extremely important in establishing the diagnosis and treatment of mitochondrial-based cardiac diseases.

José Marín-García is affiliated with The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, New Jersey and the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey.

Zusammenfassung
Furthermore, our understanding of the multiple roles that mitochondria play in cardiac cell homeostasis opened the door for intensive experimentation to understand the pathogenesis and to find new treatments for cardiovascular diseases.

Inhalt
An Introduction to Mitochondria and the Heart.- Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Heart.- Heart Mitochondrial Biogenesis.- ROS Generation, Antioxidants, and Cell Death.- Myocardial Ischemia and Cardioprotection.- Mitochondria Dysfunction in Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure.- Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Cardiac Disease.- Mitochondria in Pediatric Cardiology.- Mitochondria and the Aging Heart.- Heart Mitochondria Signaling Pathways.- Treatment of Mitochondrial-Based Cardiac Diseases. Targeting the Organelle.- Future Frontiers in Mitochondrial Cardiac Biology.