Modern Chemical Technology and Emission Control

This text of applied chemistry considers the interface between chemistry and chemical engineering, using examples of some of the important process in dustries. Integrated with this is detailed consideration of measures which may be taken for avoidance or control of potential emissions. This new emphasis in applied chemistry has been developed through eight years of experience gained from working in industry in research, development and environment al control fields, plus twelve years of teaching here using this approach. It is aimed primarily towards science and engineering students as well as to envi ronmentalists and practising professionals with responsibilities or an interest in this interface. By providing the appropriate process information back to back with emis sions and control data, the potential for process fine-tuning is improved for both raw material efficiency and emission control objectives. This approach also emphasizes integral process changes rather than add-on units for emis sion control. Add-on units have their place, when rapid action on an urgent emission problem is required, or when control simply is not feasible by pro cess integral changes alone. Obviously fundamental process changes for emission containment are best conceived at the design stage. However, at whatever stage process modifications are installed, this approach to control should appeal to the industrialist in particular, in that something more sub stantial than decreased emissions may be gained.

Inhalt
1 Background and Technical Aspects of the Chemical Industry.- 1.1 Important General Characteristics.- 1.2 Types and Significance of Information.- 1.3 The Value of Integration.- 1.4 The Economy of Scale.- 1.5 Chemical Processing.- 1.5.1 Types of Reactor.- 1.5.2 Fluid Flow Through Pipes.- 1.5.3 Controlling and Recording Instrumentation.- 1.5.4 Costs of Operation.- 1.5.5 Conversion and Yield.- 1.5.6 Importance of Reaction Rate.- 1.6 Chemical Volume Perspectives.- Relevant Bibliography.- References.- 2 Air Quality and Emission Control.- 2.1 Significance of Man's Activity on Atmospheric Quality.- 2.1.1 Natural Contaminants.- 2.2 Classification of Air Pollutants.- 2.2.1 Quantification and Identification of Particulates.- 2.2.2 Quantification and Identification of Aerosols.- 2.2.3 Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants.- 2.2.3.1 Wet Chemical Analysis of Gases.- 2.2.3.2 Instrumental Methods for Gas Analysis.- 2.2.3.3 Concentration Units for Gases in Air.- 2.2.3.4 Biological Methods for Air Pollution Assessment.- 2.3 Effects of Air Pollutants.- 2.4 Air Pollutant Inventories, and Pollutant Weighting.- 2.4.1 Automotive Emission Control.- 2.4.2 Air Pollutant Weighting.- 2.5 Methods and Limitations of Air Pollutant Dispersal.- 2.6 Air Pollution Abatement by Containment.- 2.6.1 Pre-combustion Removal Methods.- 2.7 Post-combustion Emission Control.- 2.7.1 Particulate and Aerosol Collection Theory.- 2.7.2 Particulate and Aerosol Collection Devices.- 2.7.3 Hydrocarbon Emission Control.- 2.7.4 Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions.- 2.7.5 Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.- Relevant Bibliography.- References.- 3 Water Quality and Emission Control.- 3.1 Water Quality, Supply, and Waste Water Treatment.- 3.2 Water Quality Criteria and Their Measurement.- 3.2.1 Suspended Solids.- 3.2.2Dissolved Solids.- 3.2.3 Total Solids or Residue Analysis.- 3.2.4 Dissolved Oxygen Content.- 3.2.5 Relative Acidity and Alkalinity.- 3.2.6 Toxic Substances.- 3.2.7 Micro-organisms.- 3.2.8 Temperature.- 3.2.9 Oxygen Demand.- 3.2.10 Biological Indicators.- 3.3 Water Quality Related to End Uses.- 3.4 Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies.- 3.4.1 Simple Municipal Water Treatment.- 3.4.2 More Elaborate Municipal Water Treatment Methods.- 3.4.3 Municipal Water by Desalination.- 3.4.4 Water Quality Requirements of Industry.- 3.5 Treatment of Municipal Waste Waters.- 3.5.1 Discharge Requirements, and Remedies to Post-Discharge Degradation.- 3.5.2 Stream Assimilatory Capacities.- 3.5.3 Primary and Secondary Sewage Treatment.- 3.5.4 Tertiary, or Advanced Sewage Treatment.- 3.5.5 Sludge Handling and Disposal.- 3.6 Industrial Liquid Waste Disposal.- 3.6.1 Aqueous Wastes With High Suspended Solids.- 3.6.2 Aqueous Wastes Containing an Immiscible Liquid.- 3.6.3 Heated Effluent Discharges.- 3.6.4 Aqueous Waste Streams with a High Oxygen Demand.- 3.6.5 Highly Coloured Waste Waters.- 3.6.6 Fluid and Solid Combustible Wastes.- 3.6.7 Neutralization and Volume Reduction of Intractible Waste Streams.- 3.6.8 Ultimate Destruction or Disposal of Hazardous Wastes.- Relevant Bibliography.- References.- 4 Natural and Derived Sodium and Potassium Salts.- 4.1 Sodium Chloride.- 4.1.1 Solar Salt.- 4.1.2 Sodium Chloride by Conventional Mining.- 4.1.3 Solution Mining of Sodium Chloride.- 4.1.4 New Developments in Sodium Chloride Recovery Ill.- 4.2 Potassium Chloride Ill.- 4.2.1 Potassium Chloride Production and Use Pattern Ill.- 4.2.2 Potassium Chloride Recovery from Natural Brines.- 4.2.3 Potassium Chloride by Conventional Mining and Froth Flotation.- 4.2.4 Solution Mining of Potassium Chloride.- 4.2.5 Environmental Aspects of Sodium and Potassium Chloride Recovery.- 4.2.6 New Developments in Potassium Chloride Recovery.- 4.3 Sodium Sulfate.- 4.3.1 Production and Use Pattern for Sodium Sulfate.- 4.3.2 Recovery from Natural Brines.- 4.3.3 By-product Sodium Sulfate.- Relevant Bibliography.- References.- 5 Industrial Bases by Chemical Routes.- 5.1 Calcium Carbonate.- 5.2 Calcium Oxide.- 5.2.1 Lime Kiln Emission Control.- 5.2.2 Uses of Calcium Oxide.- 5.3 Calcium Hydroxide.- 5.3.1 Uses of Calcium Hydroxide.- 5.4 Natural and Synthetic Sodium Carbonate.- 5.4.1 Environmental and Related Concerns of Sodium Carbonate Production.- 5.4.2 Uses of Sodium Carbonate.- 5.5 Sodium Hydroxide by Causticization.- 5.5.1 Emission Controls for the Causticization Process.- Relevant Bibliography.- References.- 6 Electrolytic Sodium Hydroxide and Chlorine and Related Commodities..- 6.1 Electrochemical Background and Brine Pretreatment.- 6.1.1 Brine Electrolysis in Diaphragm Cells.- 6.1.2 Brine Electrolysis in Chlorate Cells.- 6.1.3 Purification of Crude Diaphragm Cell Products.- 6.2 Electrochemical Aspects of Brine Electrolysis.- 6.3 Brine Electrolysis in Mercury Cells.- 6.4 Emission Control Aspects of Brine Electrolysis.- 6.5 New Developments in Brine Electrolysis.- 6.6 Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide Production, Use and Balance.- Relevant Bibliography.- References.- 7 Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid.- 7.1 Commercial Production of Sulfur.- 7.2 Properties of Elemental Sulfur.- 7.3 Sulfur Recovery by Mining and Retorting.- 7.4 Frasch Sulfur.- 7.4.1 Environmental Aspects of Frasch Operations.- 7.5 Sulfur from Sour Natural Gas.- 7.5.1 Amine Absorption Process for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal.- 7.5.2 Claus Process Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to Sulfur.- 7.6 New Developments and Emission Controls, Claus Technology.- 7.7 Sulfuric Acid.- 7.7.1 Contact Process Sulfuric Acid.- 7.8 Chamber Process Sulfuric Acid.- 7.9 Emission Containment for Sulfuric Acid Plants.- 7.9.1 Contact Process Sulfuric Acid Emission Control.- 7.9.2 Emission Control for Chamber Process Acid Plants.- 7.10 Recycling of Sulfuric Acid.- Relevant Bibliography.- References.- 8 Phosphorus and Phosphoric Acid.- 8.1 Phosphate Rock Deposits and Beneficiation.- 8.1.1 End Use Areas for Phosphate Rock.- 8.1.2 Environmental Impacts of Phosphate Rock Processing.- 8.2 Elemental Phosphorus.- 8.2.1 Electric Furnace Phosphorus.- 8.2.2 Uses of Elemental Phosphorus.- 8.2.3 Environmental Aspects of Phosphorus Production.- 8.3 Phosphoric Acid via Phosphorus Combustion.- 8.3.1 Environmental Features of Furnace Phosphoric Acid Production.- 8.4 Phosphoric Acid Using Sulfuric Acid Acidulation.- 8.4.1 Operation of the Acidulation Process.- 8.4.2 New Developments and Variations on Sulfuric Acid Acidulation Method.- 8.4.3 Emission Control Measures for Wet Process Acid.- 8.5 Phosphoric Acid Using Hydrochloric Acid Acidulation.- 8…