POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE AND WOMEN IN INDIA

The role of women in India has changed significantly over the past few years. Globalization, urbanization, industrialization and privatization all played an important role in this development.
After India became independent, several provisions for women were added to the Constitution of India, which is now one of the most rights-based constitutions in the world. Drafted around the same time as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights- UNO (1948), the Indian Constitution captures the essence of human rights in its Preamble, and elaborates these rights further in the sections on Fundamental Rights and on the Directive Principles of State Policy. The protection of women's rights and the enhancement of their social and economic possibilities have become important political issues.
Due to these socio- political changes, women have already gotten the opportunity to take important offices in India, including that of president, prime minister, speaker of the Lok Sabha and leader of the opposition. With the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act from 1992 and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act from 1993, women are furthermore empowered in local level government bodies. Apart from the political changes, women in India now also participate in all social activities and take part in sports, media, art and culture, science and technology.
This book takes a look at every aspect of a woman's life, such as education, marriage, family and health, in order to give a thorough and accurate account of the role of women in today's India.

Autorentext

CHAIR AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: ICHSS 2014, International Conference on Human and Social Sciences on 18-19 Oct. 2014 at Dubai, UAE UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT: has completed on March 2013. Ph-D GUIDE: in Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore since 20 BOOK PUBLICATIONS : 1. The Concept of Woman Empowerment"2002 2. Gandhi's thoughts & Present Politics" 2003 3. Manav Adhikar aur Mahilayai ", Bhopal, 2009. 4. Women development Programs (in Gram Panchayat, India) LAP Publication, Germany, 2012. 5. Ragging is a Violation of Human Rights, LAP Publication, Germany, 2014 6. Tulnatmuk Serkarei aur Rajneeti , For BA II year, Madhaya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy Bhopal, 2914. 7 Old Course Tulnatmuk Serkarei aur Rajneeti, Bhopal, 2014. RESEARCH PAPERS PUBLICATIONS: 21 published. ARTICLES: 28 published . SEMINARS ORGANIZED - 3 organized, 2002, 2003 and 2004.. SEMINARS & CONFERENCES 29 attended in Dubai, Malaysia ectc. RESOURCE PERSON : 1) UGC Academic Staff Colleges. 2) National Human Right Commission, New Delhi. 3) Arms & Weapons Police Training College, 4) 15th Battalion, 5) Career Guidance cell, OTHER Editorial board member of The Political Science Association of Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand. Member of Association for Woman's Rights in Development, Ontario, Canada Member in the departmental research committee of Ph-D ( Political Science) in DAVV Indore. Life member of Indian Public Administration, New Delhi, Life member of Ganodaya. Ganpeeth Academy, New Delhi, Shabd Shilpio ke Ass-pass, Bhopal, Former President, Staff club,. Former in charge of Student Union, and Former coordinator, Career Guidance cell, Govt. Girls PG College, AWARDS Creative Writing Award by National Human Right Commission New Delhi, 011. Gold Medal (RDC, Delhi) 1987 for ship modeling, New Delhi. Rani Durgavati Award: RDV Jabalpur, 1989. Best Cadet Award: Govt. Home Science College, Jabalpur,1988 Best Personality Award: SGM , Indore, 2006. HOUNOR Madhya Pradesh Manghi Mahila Sangathan, Student union of Govt. MLB Girls PG College, Indore. Sampurd, Lions club, Indor Karmchary Bhavish Nidhi Karmchary Sangh, M.P. Lions club (Greater), CREATIVITY: Poems and Short stories.

Leseprobe
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Chapter 17 PARTICIPATION IN VOTING:
The participation of women in voting day by day is increasing in India. After Indian independence from Britain, the Indian Constitution in 1950 officially granted women and men suffrage automatically. There was no need to fight for this right; they have equal political right from the stating of the journey of constitution. Prior to universal suffrage, provincial legislatures had granted women the right to vote. Actually in the movement for women's suffrage began in the early 1900s in response to a national movement for suffrage, even though vast majority of neither men nor women had a right to vote during the British colonial rule before 1947. Historically, there was Madras which was the first to grant women's suffrage in 1921, but only to those men and women who owned land property according to British administration's records. Other legislatures followed shortly after, but like Madras, the political rights were granted by British Raj to select few, and the London appointed Governor of each province had the right to overrule and nullify any law enacted by the elected men and women. The rights granted in response to the movement towards suffrage were limited to qualifications of literacy and property ownership, including property ownership of husbands. This excluded vast majority of Indian women and men from voting, because they were poor. This changed in 1950 when universal suffrage was granted to all adult Indian citizens.
In 1950, universal suffrage granted voting rights to all women. This is enshrined in Article 326 in our constitution. India is a parliamentary system with two houses: Lok Sabha (lower house) and Rajya Sabha (upper house). Rates of participation among women in 1962 were 46.63% for Lok Sabha elections and rose to a high in 1984 of 58.60%. Male turnout during that same period was 63.31% in 1962 and 68.18% in 1984.
The gap between men and women voters has narrowed over time with a difference of 16.7% in 1962 to 4.4% in 2009.Voter turnout for national elections in the past 50 years has remained stagnant with turnout ranging between 50 to 60%. State elections have seen a growing trend in women's participation, and in some cases women's turnout is exceeding male turnout. Increased turnout of women was reported for the 2012 Vidhan Sabha elections (legislative/state assemblies) with states such as Uttar Pradesh reporting 58.82% to 60.29% turnout. In the 2013 assembly elections, women's overall turnout was reported to be 47.4%, and male turnout was 52.5%. Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Daman and Diu, and Puducherry all reported higher turnouts among women than men in 2013.
Increased participation is occurring in both rich and poor states in India. The sex ratio of voters has improved from 715 female voters for every 1,000 male voters in the 1960s to 883 female voters in the 2000s.The Election Commission of India (ECI) has sought to increase voter turnout by cleaning up electoral rolls and removing missing or deceased members. Voter outreach has included door-to-door voter registration, and in 2014 elections, voters will be issued a photo id with polling station information to increase voter turnout. Increased voter turnout in India is also partially due to the women voters. ECI has sought to encourage voter registration among women and participation through education and outreach on college and university campuses. Growing participation has also been attributed to increased security at polling stations.
Women turnout during India's 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09% turnout for men. In 16 out of 29 states of India, more women voted than men. A total of 260.6 million women exercised their right to vote in April-May 2014 elections for India's parliament.
Women are underrepresented in governmen