Semiconductor Optical Modulators

The introduction of GaAs/ AIGaAs double heterostructure lasers has opened the door to a new age in the application of compound semiconductor materials to microwave and optical technologies. A variety and combination of semiconductor materials have been investigated and applied to present commercial uses with these devices operating at wide frequencies and wavelengths. Semiconductor modulators are typical examples of this technical evolutions and hsve been developed for commercial use. Although these have a long history to date, we are not aware of any book that details this evolution. Consequently, we have written a book to provide a comprehensive account of semiconductor modulators with emphasis on historical details and experimantal reports. The objective is to provide an up-to-date understanding of semiconductor modulators. Particular attention has been paid to multiple quantum well (MQW) modulators operating at long wavelengths, taking into account the low losses and dispersion in silica fibers occuring at around 1.3 and 1.55 mm. At the present time, MQW structures have been investigated but these have not been sufficiently developed to provide characteristic features which would be instructive enough for readers. One problem is the almost daily publication of papers on semiconductor modulators. Not only do these papers provide additional data, but they often modify the interpretations of particular concepts. Almost all chapters refer to the large number of published papers that can be consulted for future study.

Inhalt
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Historical Perspective.- 1.2 Optical Modulator Operation Principle.- 1.3 References.- 2 Analysis of Slab Waveguide.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Slab Waveguide.- 2.3 Optical Confinement Factor.- 2.4 Channel Waveguide.- 2.5 Three Dimensional Channel Waveguides.- 2.6 Mode Spot Size.- 2.7 Concept of Integrated Modeshape Adaptors.- 2.8 References.- 3 Electrooptic Modulation.- 3.1 Modulation Configuration.- 3.2 Electrooptic Effect.- 3.3 Phase Modulators.- 3.4 EO Modulators.- 3.5 MQW Phase Modulators.- 3.6 Acoustoelectric Effect.- 3.7 Referencs.- 4 Electroabsorption Effect.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Quantum Confined Franz-Keldysh Effect.- 4.3 Quantum Confined Stark Effect.- 4.4 Wannnier-Stark Localization.- 4.5 Electroabsorption for Coupled QWs.- 4.6 Miscellaneous Effects.- 4.7 Referencs.- 5 Various Modulation.- 5.1 Direct Modulation.- 5.2 Laser Diode Switch.- 5.3 Carrier Injection Effect.- 5.4 Tunable-Electron-Density Modulators.- 5.5 Wavelength Conversion/Frequency Modulation.- 5.6 References.- 6 Photonic Switching Devices.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Classification of Photonics Switching Devices.- 6.3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.- 6.4 Directional Couplers.- 6.5 Intersectional Switch.- 6.6 References.- 7 Comparison with Various Modulators.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Figure of Merit.- 7.3 Required Power vs. Bandwidth.- 7.4 Transmission Loss vs. Driving Voltage.- 7.5 Frequency Response Degradation.- 7.6 Frequency Chirping.- 7.7 Optimization of MQW Structure.- 7.8 References.- 8 Monolithic Integration of Intensity Modulators and Laser Diodes.- 8.1 Introduction and History.- 8.2 Integration with Forward Biased Modulators.- 8.3 Integration of Reverse Biased Modulators.- 8.4 References.- 9 Surface Normal Switch.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 SEED.- 9.3 Various SEEDs.- 9.4 EARS.-9.5 pnpn-VSTEP.- 9.6 Miscellaneous.- 9.7 References.- 10 Evaluation of Modulator Characteristics.- 10.1 Waveguide Loss.- 10.2 Polarization Insensitivity.- 10.3 Frequency Chirping.- 10.4 References.- 11 Crystal Growth and Device Fabrication.- 11.1 Crystal Growth.- 11.2 Crystal Evaluations.- 11.3 Fabrication Process.- 11.4 References.- 12 New Applications.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Short Optical Pulse Generation and Modulation.- 12.3 Active Mode Locking.- 12.4 Ultra-High-Speed Modulation.- 12.5 References.